However, the influences of lipid metabolism disorder are not clearly understood in FHN broilers. The pathogenesis of FHN is often accompanied by the occurrence of hyperlipidemia ( Yu et al., 2016 Liu et al., 2021). Due to the limited access to feed, FHN not only drastically reduces the production performance of broiler chickens, giving rise to a poor bird welfare, but also causes considerable economic losses ( Julian, 2005).Ī disorder of lipid metabolism is considered to be one of the main factors in FHN-affected broilers ( Brewer et al., 1972 Yamamoto et al., 1997). FHN is often characterized by the squatting position and rarely standing and walking, and severely affected broilers even limp. According to investigations and studies, at a high stock density, the incidence of leg problems is about 2%, and the detection rate of FHN is as high as 13.33% ( Applegate and Lilburn, 2002 Li et al., 2015), which often affects broilers at 5 to 6 weeks of age. Femoral head necrosis (FHN) is one of the most common leg problems, and it leads to lameness and affects the growth and development of broilers. However, the heavier body weight also exerts negative effects on body health, and metabolic problems are promoted, such as pulmonary hypertension, fatty liver syndrome, lameness, and skeletal problems ( Packialakshmi et al., 2015b). In the past few decades, substantial progress has been made in improving the feed efficiency and growth rate in fast-growing broilers, and the growth rate and body weight at market age have increased almost threefold ( Havenstein et al., 2003).
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